Where does it say one life one chance in the Gospel?
Anyway, your soul has an inherent longing to go home where it belongs, to become one with God. In Islam you have
fitra which describes this same intrinsic nature longing for oneness. Same concept. Your body/mind is the vehicle and your "job" is to establish contact with your divine origins. If you don't succeed at that, your soul returns to hell (= earthly life).
Think it was Stephan Hoeller who described the crying of a baby taken out of his mother's womb as the soul realizing he's back where he was.
Edit: Btw, Christian teachings on this aren't very elaborate particularly because the Catholic concept of hell has pretty much distorted and pushed aside this view.